Insufficient responses to rape in Ouagadougou: Reflections on the experiences of young female survivors / Insuffisances des réponses aux viols à Ouagadougou : réflexions à partir du vécu de jeunes survivantes.

The rape of girls and women raises questions about both prevention and the response in Burkina Faso. This article looks at the inadequacy of the response to rape in Ouagadougou. It is based on an analysis of cases of rape experienced by young women in the city and documented between 2005 and 2009. The study highlights the gap between the attitude of the victims, whether or not they are inclined to report the act and seek support, and the existing response in this area, whether in their entourage, at the community level, or at the institutional level. The study concludes that there is a need for more in-depth research into the representations and experiences of rape survivors in Ouagadougou and, more broadly, in Burkina Faso. Such research will enable us to identify gaps and appropriate strategies so that survivors are offered a holistic response that is more conducive to respect for their sexual and reproductive rights. Appropriate responses should involve improving the response system, so as to minimize obstacles and make institutional support more accessible to survivors.

Les viols sur des filles et femmes interpellent autant au sujet de leur prévention que par rapport aux réponses qui y sont apportées au Burkina Faso. L'article fournit une réflexion sur les insuffisances de réponses à ces viols à Ouagadougou. La réflexion s'appuie sur l'analyse de cas de viols vécus par des jeunes femmes dans cette ville et documentés entre 2005 et 2009. La réflexion met en exergue le fossé entre la posture des victimes, leur propension ou non à dénoncer l'acte et à rechercher un soutien et la réponse existante en la matière, que cela soit dans leur entourage, au niveau communautaire ou au niveau institutionnel. L'article démontre la nécessité de mener des investigations plus approfondies sur les représentations et le vécu des survivantes de viols à Ouagadougou et, plus largement, au Burkina Faso. Cela permettra d'identifier les gaps à combler ainsi que les stratégies adéquates pour offrir aux survivantes une réponse holistique et plus propice au respect de leurs droits sexuels et reproductifs. Les réponses appropriées devraient passer par l'amélioration du dispositif de réponse, de façon à minimiser ces entraves et à rendre le soutien institutionnel plus accessible aux survivantes.

Infertility in the Pacific: A crucial component of the sexual and reproductive health and rights agenda.

Across Pacific Island countries, women and men are disproportionately affected by several risk factors for infertility, including sexually transmissible infections, complications from unsafe abortions, postpartum sepsis, obesity, diabetes, tobacco smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Despite this, little is known about community awareness of infertility, behavioural risk factors, the lived experiences of infertile couples or the contexts in which they access fertility care. In this opinion piece we discuss the current evidence and gaps in evidence regarding infertility in Pacific Island countries and the importance of locally tailored approaches to preventing infertility and the provision of fertility care.

Menstrual health: Inequities in a cohort of menstruating people in the Brazilian southeastern region.

OBJECTIVE: To assess menstrual hygiene management (MHM) and period poverty in a group of low- and medium-income menstruating people. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Campinas, Brazil, from January to June 2022 with 535 participants aged 18-49. For data collection, we used the abbreviated version of the WHO Quality-of-Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and a pre-tested questionnaire with items regarding MHM and period poverty. RESULTS: We found an inverse relationship between the risk of no access to supplies to perform menstrual hygiene, which increased by 2.5% and each point less in the environmental domain of quality of life (QoL), and this risk increased by up to 3.1 times among participants who reported difficulty making ends meet. The risk of not having adequate conditions to perform menstrual hygiene at home increased by up to 2.6% for every one-point drop in the environmental domain of QoL. The risk of not having adequate conditions to perform menstrual hygiene outside the home increased by up to 1.3% for less points in the psychological domain of QoL, and 44.4% of those who indicated inadequate conditions for menstrual hygiene reported two or more childbirths. CONCLUSIONS: Menstruating people who have an increased risk of lacking menstrual supplies and have an increased risk of inadequate conditions for MHM at home and outside the home, as well as those who have two or more deliveries and those having difficulties making ends meet, scored low on the QoL, especially in the environmental and psychological dimensions.

Direitos sexuais e direitos reprodutivos na percepção de: mulheres privadas de liberdade / Sexual rights and reproductive rights in the perception of: women deprived of freedom / Derechos sexuales y derechos reproductivos percibidos por: mujeres privadas de libertad

Objetivo: analisar a percepção de mulheres privadas de liberdade quanto aos seus direitos sexuais e direitos reprodutivos. Método: pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas com mulheres que estavam vivenciando a gestação (9) e o puerpério (4), em duas unidades prisionais do Rio de Janeiro. O método de análise foi o Hermenêutico dialético. Resultados: foram elencadas duas categorias: 1) Violações institucionais como infração dos direitos sexuais e dos direitos reprodutivos e 2) Contradições entre a possibilidade de exercer os direitos e as limitações impostas pelo sistema carcerário. Conclusão: as violações que essas mulheres sofrem, não estão restritas a elas. A luta pelos direitos das mulheres é um movimento constante. Os avanços são significativos, contudo, há amarras reais que impedem que as mulheres usufruam seus direitos sexuais e seus direitos reprodutivos, mesmo que eles existam no plano legal e normativo

Objective: analyze the perception of women deprived of liberty regarding their sexual rights and reproductive rights. Method: descriptive research, with a qualitative approach. Interviews were conducted with women who were experiencing pregnancy (9) and the puerperium (4), in two prison units in Rio de Janeiro. The analysis method was the dialectic hermeneutic. Results: two categories were listed: 1) Institutional violations as infractions of sexual rights and reproductive rights and 2) Contradictions between the possibility of exercising rights and the limitations imposed by the prison system. Conclusion: the violations that these women suffer are not restricted to them. The fight for women's rights is a constant movement. The advances are significant, however, there are real obstacles that prevent women from enjoying their sexual rights and their reproductive rights, even though they exist in the legal and normative plan

Objetivos: respecto a sus derechos sexuales y derechos reproductivos. Método: investigación descriptiva, con un enfoque cualitativo. Las entrevistas fueron realizadas a mujeres en situación de embarazo (9) y de puerperio (4), en dos unidades penitenciarias de Río de Janeiro. El método de análisis fue la hermenéutica dialéctica. Resultados: se han dividido en dos categorías: 1) Violaciones institucionales como la infracción de los derechos sexuales y los derechos reproductivos y 2) Contradicciones entre la posibilidad de ejercer los derechos y las limitaciones impuestas por el sistema carcelario. Conclusión: las violaciones que sufren estas mujeres no se limitan a ellas. La lucha por los derechos de la mujer es un movimiento constante. Los avances son significativos, sin embargo, existen ataduras reales que impiden a las mujeres disfrutar de sus derechos sexuales y sus derechos reproductivos, aunque existan a nivel legal y normativo

¿Vulneración del derecho a decidir entre parto natural o cesárea?: Análisis de la Sentencia 233/2023, 22 de febrero Juzgado de lo Contencioso Administrativo número 5 de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria / [Violation of the right to decide between natural birth or cesarean section?: Analysis of Sentence 233/2023, February 22, Contentious Administrative Court number 5 of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]

A través del presente comentario se analiza la Sentencia del Juzgado de lo Contencioso Administrativo número 5 de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, de 22 de febrero de 2023, ECLI:ES:JCA:2023:1039; en la que se condena al Servicio Canario de Salud a indemnizar a una mujer con un millón de euros por vulnerar su derecho a decidir entre parto natural o cesárea e imponer un parto gemelar natural prolongado hasta 17 horas que tuvo como consecuencia una lesión cerebral irreversible. (AU)

Through this commentary, the Judgment of the Administrative Court number 5 of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, dated February 22, 2023, ECLI:ES:JCA:2023:1039, is analyzed. In this judgment, the Canarian Health Service is condemned to compensate a woman with one million euros for violating her right to choose between natural childbirth or cesarean section, and imposing a prolonged natural twin birth lasting up to 17 hours, which resulted in irreversible brain damage. (AU)

Infertilidade, justiça reprodutiva e pandemia de COVID-19: reflexões sobre acesso e barreiras / Infertility, reproductive justice and the COVID-19 pandemic: reflections on access and barriers / Infertilidad, justicia reproductiva y la pandemia de COVID-19: reflexiones sobre acceso y barreras

Objetivo: refletir sobre o acesso a serviços de saúde para infertilidade e reprodução humana assistida durante o período da pandemia de COVID-19, na perspectiva da justiça reprodutiva. Metodologia: utilizou-se dados do inquérito online da pesquisa Pandemia de COVID-19e práticas reprodutivas de mulheres no Brasil, que obteve 8.313 respostas de mulheres residentes em todas as regiões do país, de 18 anos ou mais. O questionário autoaplicável circulou entre julho e outubro de 2021, contendo questões fechadas e abertas. A análise descritiva das respostas objetivas de 242 mulheres que referiram buscar atendimento para infertilidade contou com o cálculo de frequências simples das variáveis. Já os textos escritos nos espaços abertos do questionário foram submetidos à análise temática. Resultados: o estudo verificou a existência de barreiras institucionais e não institucionais para os cuidados da infertilidade, ambas incrementadas pela pandemia. Conclusão: recomenda-se a efetivação de política pública que garanta acesso pleno a todas as pessoas, haja vista que o tratamento para infertilidade e reprodução assistida tende a se restringir a mulheres cisgênero, de camadas médias e altas, mais escolarizadas e majoritariamente brancas.

Objective: to critically examine access to health services for infertility and assisted human reproduction during the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizing the perspective of reproductive justice. Methods: data for analysis were derived from the online survey titled COVID-19 Pandemic and Women's Reproductive Practices in Brazil, garnering 8,313 responses from women aged 18 years or older residing in all regions of the country. The self-administered questionnaire circulated from July to October 2021 and comprised both closed and open-ended questions. Descriptive analysis of the objective responses obtained from 242 women actively seeking infertility care involved the calculation of simple frequencies for relevant variables. Responses provided in the open-ended sections of the questionnaire underwent thematic analysis. Results: revealed the presence of both institutional and non-institutional barriers to infertility care, with a notable exacerbation during the pandemic. Conclusion: given that infertility and assisted reproduction treatment predominantly cater to cisgender women from middle and upper socio-economic strata, characterized by higher education levels and mostly white, there is a compelling need for the implementation of public policies that ensure equitable access for all individuals.

Objetivo: reflexionar sobre el acceso a los servicios de salud para la infertilidad y la reproducción humana asistida durante el período de la pandemia de COVID-19, desde la perspectiva de la justicia reproductiva. Metodología: se utilizaron datos de la encuesta en línea de la Pandemia de COVID-19y prácticas reproductivas de las mujeres en Brasil, que obtuvo 8.313 respuestas de mujeres residentes en todas las regiones del país, con edad igual o superior a 18 años. El cuestionario autoaplicado circuló entre julio y octubre de 2021, conteniendo preguntas cerradas y abiertas. El análisis descriptivo de las respuestas objetivas de 242 mujeres que relataron buscar atención por infertilidad implicó el cálculo de frecuencias simples de las variables. Los textos escritos en los espacios abiertos del cuestionario fueron sometidos a análisis temático. Resultados:el estudio verificó la existencia de barreras institucionales y no institucionales para la atención de la infertilidad, ambas aumentadas por la pandemia. Conclusión: se recomiendala implementación de una política pública que garantice el pleno acceso a todas las personas, dado que el tratamiento de la infertilidad y reproducción asistida tiende a estar restringido a mujeres cisgénero de clase media y alta, con mayor educación y en su mayoría blancas.

Acciones para el aborto seguro durante la pandemia: el caso de las prácticas de dos organizaciones de Argentina / Actions for safe abortion during the pandemic: The case of the practices of two organizations in Argentina / Ações para o aborto seguro durante a pandemia: o caso das práticas de duas organizações na Argentina

Objetivo: abordar las acciones de acompañamiento a la interrupción legal y voluntaria del embarazo en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 por parte de las organizaciones Socorristas en Red y la Red de Profesionales de la Salud por el Derecho a Decidir en Argentina. Metodología: se adoptó una metodología de investigación de tipo cualitativa con base en la realización de entrevistas en profundidad, semiestructurada, y cuestionarios de preguntas abiertas on-line orientados a conocer las experiencias de accionar de las integrantes de ambas redes respecto a los desafíos que significó la pandemia para continuar procesos de acompañamientos de abortos seguros. Conclusión: las medidas gubernamentales de Aislamiento Social, Preventivo y Obligatorio (ASPO) llevaron a una profundización de la obstrucción de derechos con relación al aborto que agravó procesos de desigualdades y vulnerabilidades existentes. Sin embargo, la pandemia del COVID-19 obligó a reforzar una red de cuidados feministas orientada a garantizar políticas de atencióny acompañamiento de aborto seguro.

Objective: to examine the initiatives undertakenby the organizations Socorristas en Redand Red de Profesionales de la Salud por el Derecho a Decidirin Argentina concerning the support and facilitation of legal and voluntary termination of pregnancy amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology:the research employs a qualitative approach, relying on in-depth, semi-structured interviews, and online questionnaires. These methodologies were designed to capture the experiential insights of network members, shedding light on the challenges encountered during the pandemic in sustaining the provision of support for safe abortion procedures. Conclusion:the implementation of Social, Preventive, and Compulsory Isolation (ASPO) measures during the COVID-19 pandemic heightened infringements on abortion-related rights, exacerbating societal inequalities and vulnerabilities. However, the COVID-19 pandemic prompted the reinforcement of a resilient feminist care network dedicated to providing safe abortion services and supportive policies.

Objetivo: abordar as acções de acompanhamento desenvolvidas pelas organizações Socorristas en Red e Red de Profesionales de la Salud por el Derecho a Decidir na Argentina para apoiar a interrupção legal e voluntária da gravidez no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. Metodologia: foi adoptada uma metodologia de investigação qualitativa baseada em entrevistas aprofundadas e semiestruturadase em questionários on-line, com o objetivo de conhecer as experiências de ação dos membros de ambas as redes no que diz respeito aos desafios colocados pela pandemia para a continuação dos processos de acompanhamento do aborto seguro. Conclusão: as medidas governamentais de Isolamento Social, Preventivo e Compulsório (ASPO) levaram a um aprofundamento da obstrução de direitos em relação ao aborto, o que agravou processos de desigualdade e vulnerabilidade já existentes. No entanto, a pandemia da COVID-19 forçou o fortalecimento de uma rede de atendimento feminista voltada para a garantia de políticas de atenção e acompanhamento ao aborto seguro

Los derechos sexuales y (no) reproductivos en suspenso en territorios rurales y urbanos de Santiago del Estero, Argentina / Sexual and (non) reproductive rights put on holdin rural and urban territories of Santiago del Estero, Argentina / Direitos sexuais e (não) reprodutivos suspensos nos territórios rurais e urbanos de Santiago del Estero, Argentina

Objetivo: analizar el acceso a derechos sexuales y (no) reproductivos de mujeres y niñas en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19; y las políticas implementadas (o no) por los gobiernos de la provincia de Santiago del Estero y nacional. Metodología: desde métodos cualitativos se ha indagado a través de entrevistas no estructuradas y en profundidad por medio de videollamadas por las plataformas disponibles: a funcionarias/os, agentes de salud y referentes de organizaciones sociales. Resultados: el acceso a los derechos sexuales y (no) reproductivos enfrentó graves dificultades entre las que podemos destacar las restricciones a la circulación, sobre todo durante el 2020, y la priorización en los servicios públicos a la atención de los casos de COVID-19. Las respuestas institucionales a las demandas de interrupciones legales de las niñas y mujeres embarazadas han seguido circuitos largos y laberínticos. Conclusión:los diversos obstáculos que enfrentan las mujeres y las niñas para que el Estado garantice sus derechos, deben situarse en la perduración de un contexto histórico y estructural, donde la sexualidad y la reproducción están sometidas a estricto control y el ejercicio de los derechos se enfrenta con morales restrictivas. Las respuestas ofrecidas por el Estado no fueron suficientes y las organizaciones sociales cumplieron un rol sustitutivo. Y allí en donde no hay una red de contención o una organización social, la vida de mujeres y niñas presenta mayor vulnerabilidad.

Objective: this study aims to assess the access to sexual and (non) reproductive rights of women and girls within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, examining the policies implemented (or not) by the governments of Santiago del Estero province and nationally. Methods: utilizing qualitative approaches, the research conducted unstructured and in-depth interviews via video calls with officials, health agents, and representatives of social organizations.Results: Access to sexual and (non) reproductive rights encountered substantial challenges, notably movement restrictions, particularly in 2020, and the prioritization of public services for COVID-19 cases. Institutional responses to legal interruptions for pregnant girls and women involved complex and protracted procedures.Conclusion: the barriers faced by women and girls in obtaining state-guaranteed rights must be contextualized within a historical and structural framework, characterized by strict control over sexuality and reproduction. State responses proved insufficient, leading social organizations to assume a substitute role. In the absence of a support network or social organization, the vulnerability of women and girls is heightened.

Objetivo: analisar o acesso aos direitos sexuais e (não) reprodutivos de mulheres e meninas no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 e as políticas implementadas (ou não) pelos governos da província de Santiago del Estero e a nível nacional. Metodologia: utilizando métodos qualitativos, a investigação foi realizada por meio de entrevistas não estruturadas e em profundidade por meio de videochamadas: a autoridades, agentes de saúde e representantes de organizações sociais. Resultados: o acesso aos direitos sexuais e (não) reprodutivos enfrentou sérias dificuldades, entre as quais podemos destacar as restrições à circulação, especialmente durante 2020, e a priorização dos serviços públicos para atendimento aos casos de COVID-19. As respostas institucionais às exigências de interrupções legais por parte de meninas e mulheres grávidas seguiram circuitos longos e labirínticos. Conclusão: os diversos obstáculos que as mulheres e as meninas enfrentam para que o Estado garanta os seus direitos devem ser colocados na continuidade de um contexto histórico e estrutural, onde a sexualidade e a reprodução estão sujeitas a um controle rigoroso e o exercício dos direitos enfrenta morais restritivas. As respostas oferecidas pelo Estado não foram suficientes e as organizações sociais desempenharam um papel substituto. E onde não existe rede de apoio ou organização social, as vidas das mulheres e das meninas são mais vulneráveis.

Saúde, reprodução e sexualidade nos tempos da COVID-19: memórias incorporadas das mulheres no Brasil / Health, reproduction and sexuality in times of COVID-19: embodied memories of women in Brazil / Salud, reproducción y sexualidad en los tiempos de COVID-19: memorias encarnadas de las mujeres en Brasil

Objetivo: compreender como a pandemia de COVID-19 afetou a vida e a saúde das mulheres, com ênfase nos aspectos da saúde sexual e reprodutiva, e refletir sobre os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos e a justiça reprodutiva no contexto da crise sanitária. Metodologia: utilizou-se questionário online com 113 perguntas objetivas e uma questão aberta para comentários. De 8.313 mulheres que responderam ao questionário, 1.838 relataram suas vivências durante a pandemia na questão aberta. Esse material passou por técnicas de análise narrativa e temática e de construção de memória. Resultados: evidenciou-se a ampliação das dificuldades de acesso a serviços de saúde, em especial de saúde sexual e reprodutiva; o aprofundamento das iniquidades na divisão sexual do trabalho, com sobrecarga de trabalho doméstico e profissional; a insegurança econômica; o tensionamentos das relações afetivo-sexuais e maior exposição à violência; e importantes repercussões na saúde psicoemocional. Todos esses aspectos afetaram as experiências de saúde e adoecimento; a vida sexual; e os planos e experiências reprodutivas nos primeiros anos de pandemia. Conclusão: no Brasil, na sobreposição da emergência sanitária com a crise democrática de direitos, fatos sociais e fatos fisiológicos se misturam e se totalizam na experiência histórica e material do corpo sexual e reprodutivo das mulheres, seguindo as linhas de força das precariedades e injustiças de gênero, de raça e de classe. Os relatos das mulheres contribuem para a construção de uma memória coletiva ­não necessariamente unívoca e linear ­da pandemia. Memórias que podem não apenas ilustrar o momento presente, como contribuir para o entendimento e enfrentamento de crises semelhantes futuras.

Objective: this study seeks to comprehend the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's lives and health, with a particular focus on sexual and reproductive health, andto reflect on sexual and reproductive rights and reproductive justice within the context of the health crisis.Methods:employing an online questionnaire featuring 113 objective questions and one open-ended question for free comments, the study gathered responses from 8,313 women. Out of these, 1,838 utilized the open question to articulate their experiences during the pandemic. The collected material underwent analysis using narrative and thematic approaches, along with memory construction techniques.Results:the findings indicate heightened challenges in accessing health services, particularly for sexual and reproductive health. The pandemic deepened inequities in the sexual division of labor, leading to increased domestic and professional workloads, economic insecurity, elevated tensions in affective-sexual relationships, greater exposure to violence, and notable repercussions on psycho-emotional health. These factors collectively influenced women's health/illness experiences, sexual lives, and reproductive plans during the initial years of the pandemic. Conclusion: the intersection of the health crisis with a democratic crisis in rights has intertwined social and physiological factors into the historical and material experiences of women's sexual and reproductive bodies. These experiences follow the trajectories of gender, race, and class-based precariousness and injustices. Women's accounts contribute to the construction of a collective memory of the pandemic that is not necessarily uniform or linear. Beyond illustrating the present moment, these memories aid in understanding and addressing similar crises in the future.

Objetivo: comprender cómo la pandemia de COVID-19 afectó la vida y la salud de las mujeres, con énfasis en aspectos de salud sexual y reproductiva y reflexionar sobre los derechos sexuales y reproductivos y la justicia reproductiva, en el contexto de la crisis sanitaria. Metodología:se utilizó un cuestionario online con 113 preguntas objetivas y una pregunta abierta para comentarios libres al final. De 8.313 mujeres que respondieron el cuestionario, 1.838 relataron sus experiencias durante la pandemia, en este espacio abierto. Este material fue analizado mediante técnicas análisis de narrativa y temática y de construcción de memoria. Resultados: hubo aumento de las dificultades para acceder a los servicios de salud, especialmente de salud sexual y reproductiva, profundización de las inequidades en la división sexual del trabajo, con sobrecarga de trabajo doméstico y profesional, inseguridad económica, tensiones en las relaciones afectivo-sexuales y mayor exposición. a la violencia, e importantes repercusiones en la salud psicoemocional. Todos estos aspectos afectaron las experiencias de salud/enfermedad, la vida sexual, los planes y experiencias reproductivas, en los primeros años de la pandemia. Conclusión: en Brasil, en el solapamiento de la crisis sanitaria con la crisis democrática y de derechos, hechos sociales y hechos fisiológicos se mezclan y totalizan en la experiencia histórica y material de los cuerpos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres, siguiendo las líneas de fuerza de la precariedad y las injusticias. de género, raza y clase. Las narrativas de las mujeres contribuyen a la construcción de una memoria colectiva ­no necesariamente unívoca y lineal ­ de la pandemia. Memorias que no sólo pueden ilustrar el momento presente, sino que también contribuyen a comprender y afrontar crisis futuras similares.

Atuação da clínica jurídica Cravinas no enfrentamento às violações de direitos sexuais e reprodutivos durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Cravinas legal clinic's action in addressing violations of sexual and reproductive rights during the COVID-19 pandemic / Acción de la clínica jurídica Cravinas frente a las violaciones de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: investigar as possibilidades de atuação de uma clínica jurídica em direitos humanos diante de uma emergência sanitária com efeitos dramáticos para mulheres e meninas vulneráveis. Metodologia: estudo de caso da atuação do Cravinas, projeto de extensão da Universidade de Brasília (UnB) que atua como uma clínica jurídica em direitos sexuais e reprodutivos, durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Resultados: a grave crise de saúde gerada pela COVID-19 reposicionou as prioridades do Cravinas para evidenciar cuidados em saúde abertamente atacados pelo governo federal. A atuação da clínica priorizou ações de acesso à informação, de formação em saúde e direitos e de litígio estratégico, em uma constelação de estratégias atenta e engajada na defesa de populações que nunca estiveram nas prioridades da agenda pública. Conclusão: diante de um cenário de crise, as clínicas jurídicas podem ajudar a propor urgências contra-hegemônicas capazes de responder a problemas e a cuidar de pessoas que estão fora da agenda prioritária das políticas públicas ligadas à pandemia.

Objective: to explore the potential actions of intervention by a legal clinic focusing on human rights in the context of a health emergency with severe repercussions for vulnerable women and girls. Methods:the research adopts a case study approach, examining the activities of Cravinas, an extension project at the University of Brasilia (UnB) that operates as a pro bono office specializing in sexual and reproductive rights. The investigation specifically delves into Cravinas' initiatives during the COVID-19 pandemic.Results:the profound health crisis induced by COVID-19 prompted Cravinas to realign its priorities, emphasizing healthcare under open attack by the federal government. The clinic's interventions were centered around providing access to information, delivering health and rights training, and engaging in strategic litigation. These strategies collectively constituted a conscientious and committed effort to defend populations that historically found themselves outside the ambit of public policy priorities. Conclusion: in the face of a crisis, legal clinics possess the potential to propose counter-hegemonic urgencies, offering responses to challenges and providing support for individuals not prioritized in public policies linked to the pandemic.

Objetivo: investigar las posibilidades de actuación de una clínica jurídica en derechos humanos ante una emergencia sanitaria con efectos dramáticos para mujeres y niñas vulnerables. Metodología: estudio de caso del trabajo de Cravinas, proyecto de extensión de la Universidad de Brasilia (UnB) que presta asistencia legal gratuita por los derechos sexuales y reproductivos, durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Resultados: la grave crisis sanitaria generada por el COVID-19 reposicionó las prioridades de Cravinas para poner de relieve la atención sanitaria abiertamente atacada por el gobierno federal. Las acciones de la clínica priorizaron el acceso a la información, la capacitación en salud y derechos y el litigio estratégico, en una constelación de estrategias atentas y comprometidas con la defensa de poblaciones que nunca habían estado en las prioridades de la agenda pública. Conclusión: frente a un escenario de crisis, las clínicas jurídicas pueden ayudar a proponer urgencias contra hegemónicas capaces de responder a los problemas y atender a las personas que están fuera de la agenda prioritaria de las políticas públicas vinculadas a la pandemia.

Interrupciones voluntarias del embarazo recurrentes. Estudio de prevalencia y exploración de factores asociados. Antioquia, Colombia, 2015 - 2021 / Recurrent voluntary termination of pregnancy. Prevalence study and exploration of associated factors. Antioquia, Colombia, 2015 ­ 2021

Objetivos: Describir la prevalencia de las interrupciones voluntarias del embarazo (IVE) recurrentes y efectuar una exploración de los factores asociados a esta. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte trasversal descriptivo, en el que se incluyeron mujeres atendidas entre 2015 y 2021 en cinco sedes, en el Departamento de Antioquia, de una Institución que promueve la atención en salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) en Colombia. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, de SSR, así como la realización de IVE recurrente, tipo de procedimiento utilizado en la primera IVE, y método de anticoncepción elegido posterior a esta. Se presenta la prevalencia de período de aborto recurrente global y por año. Se hace exploración de los factores asociados por medio de análisis multivariado. Se obtuvo aval del comité de investigación de la institución. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 20.423 mujeres. La prevalencia de IVE recurrente fue del 4,07 % (n = 831) en todo el período, y varió del 2,3 al 6 % en los 6 años. El método más utilizado para la IVE recurrente fue inducción farmacológica (48,50 %). Después de la primera IVE, el 69,81 % de las mujeres utilizó métodos anticonceptivos clasificados como "muy efectivos", según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se identificaron como factores de riesgo de la IVE recurrente pertenecer al régimen de aseguramiento subsidiado por el Estado (Odds ratio ajustado (ORa) = 1,35; IC 95 %: 1,05-1,72) y haber tenido dos o más gestaciones (ORa = 1,23; IC 95 %: 1,06 - 1,44). Como factores protectores se identificaron: contratación del servicio de IVE bajo modalidad de pago de bolsillo (ORa = 0,71; IC 95 %: 0,61-0,82), el antecedente de IVE tardía (ORa = 0,30; IC 95 %: 0,11-0,81), y la elección del implante subdérmico posterior al primer aborto primer aborto como (ORa =0,64; IC 95 %: 0,49 - 0,83). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de IVE recurrente posiblemente está incrementando. Se requieren estudios prospectivos que evalúen si existe una tendencia al incremento y que verifiquen posibles hipótesis de asociación que surgen de este trabajo.

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of recurrent voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTP) and to explore associated factors. Material and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional cohort study which included women seen between 2015 and 2021 in five sites of an institution located in the Department of Antioquia which promotes sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care in Colombia. Measured variables included sociodemographics, SRH, recurrent performance of VTP, type of procedure used in the first VTP and contraception method selected afterwards. The prevalence of global and yearly recurrent abortion period is presented. Associated factors were explored using a multivariate analysis. The research committee of the institution approved the study. Results: In total, 20,423 women were included. The prevalence of recurrent VTP was 4.07 % (n = 831) during the entire period, ranging between 2.3 and 6 % over the 7 years. The most commonly used method for recurrent VTP was pharmacological induction (48.50 %). After the first VTP, 69.81 % of women used contraceptive methods classified as "very effective" according to the World Health Organization. The risk factors identified as being associated with recurrent VTP included being part of the state-subsidized health insurance system (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.35; 95 % CI:1.05-1.72) and having had two or more pregnancies (aOR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.06 - 1.44). Protective factors were identified and included out-of-pocket payment for VTP service (aOR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.61-0.82), a history of late VTP (aOR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.11-0.81), and the selection of a subdermal implant for contraception following the first abortion (sOR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49 - 0.83). Conclusions: It is possible that the prevalence of recurrent VTP is increasing. Prospective studies are required in order to determine whether there is a growing trend and to verify potential association hypotheses derived from this work.

The hyper-regulation of abortion care in Italy.

This paper argues that the current abortion regulation by Law 194/1978 is an inadequate basis for the provision of good quality abortion care and must be reformed. First, the paper explains why Law 194/1978 creates a hyper-regulatory regime that is inconsistent with the best clinical evidence and practices in the field as well as relevant international human rights law, as outlined in the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2022 Abortion Care Guideline. Second, it highlights gaps between what the law says and what happens in practice, pointing out how the everyday life of Law 194/1978, especially in the practices of gynecologists, is far removed from international standards of quality abortion care and has yet to comply with international human rights law. Third, it sets out some alternative routes to abortion access "outside" Law 194/1978. Finally, it concludes with some suggestions for a change in the practice of gynecology and a call for the reform of Law 194/1978, in favor of a bodily autonomy model of regulation grounded on decriminalization, demedicalization, dehospitalization, and self-management to ensure compliance with the WHO standards and international human rights law.

Main barriers to services linked to voluntary pregnancy termination on three grounds in Chile.

Introduction: After decades of absolute criminalization, on September 14, 2017, Chile decriminalized voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTP) when there is a life risk to the pregnant woman, lethal incompatibility of the embryo or fetus of genetic or chromosomal nature, and pregnancy due to rape. The implementation of the law reveals multiple barriers hindering access to the services provided by the law. Objectives: To identify and analyze, using the Tanahashi Model, the main barriers to the implementation of law 21,030 in public health institutions. This article contributes to the follow-up of this public policy, making visible the obstacles that violate women's rights of women to have dignified access to abortion and that affect the quality of health care in Chile. Material and method: Qualitative design, following the postpositivist paradigm. The sample consisted of relevant actors directly related to pregnancy termination. Snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews were used. Grounded theory was used through inductive coding, originating categories regrouped into meta-categories following Tanahashi's model. The rigor criteria of transferability, dependability, credibility, authenticity, and epistemological theoretical adequacy were used. The identity of the participants and the confidentiality of the information were protected. Results: From January 2021 to October 2022, 62 interviews were conducted with 20 members of the psychosocial support team; 18 managers; 17 members of the biomedical health team; 4 participants from of civil society, and three women users. The main obstacles correspond to availability barriers, accessibility barriers, acceptability barriers, contact barriers, and effectiveness barriers. Conclusions: Barriers to access abortion under three grounds violate the exercise of women's sexual and reproductive rights. It is urgent to carry out actions of control and follow-up of this public policy to the corresponding entities.

Derechos y deberes de información: el rol de la atención primaria de salud en la implementación de la ley que despenaliza la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo en tres causales en Chile / Drets i deures d'informació: el rol de l'atenció primària de salut en la implementació de la llei que despenalitza la interrupció voluntària de l'embaràs en tres causals a Xile / The right to information: The role of Primary Health Care in theimplementation of the Abortion Law in Chile

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación cualitativa que indagasobre la implementación de la ley de interrupción del embarazo que despenalizó elaborto en tres causales específicas en Chile en 2017 (Ley 21.030) y el rol que laatención primaria de salud (APS) en la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Serealizaron 19 entrevistas a personal de la salud de la APS y del nivel secundariode atención en la Región Metropolitana además de dos personas del Ministerio deSalud.El cambio de régimen de penalización total a uno de despenalización por causalesexige capacitación a los equipos de salud e información a la población. Loshallazgos revelan que la falta de información y capacitación formal al personalsanitario constituye un obstáculo para el ejercicio de los derechos de las mujeresque otorga la ley, produciéndose un efecto cascada, en que las mujeres nocuentan con la información suficiente para ejercer sus derechos. A ello se suma,una disposición en la ley que produce confusión entre profesionales sobrepublicidad e información sobre los servicios. Se analizan los resultados a partir deestándares normativos nacionales e internacionales respecto a la obligación deinformar, y el derecho a ser informado en contexto de prestaciones sanitarias relativas al aborto.(AU)

Es va realitzar un estudi exploratori a través d'una enquesta a Comitès d'Ètica a països d'Amèrica Llatina i el Carib de parla hispana, per rellevar la seva situació davant d'emergències sanitàriesi consultar els dilemes ètics enfrontats a les investigacions per a COVID-19. S'obtingueren respostes de 106 comitès, pertanyents a 14 països. Només el 24% va respondre que existia una xarxa de comunicació eficient i efectiva entre comitès, prèvia a la pandèmia. El 45% va respondre que no existien a la seva regió comitès específics per avaluar projectes vinculats a emergències sanitàries amb anterioritat a la pandèmia. El percentatge de CEI que disposava de procediments previs per avaluar investigacions ensituacions d'emergències sanitàries va ser només de 7%, si bé el 52% estava en procés d'elaboració arran de la pandèmia. El percentatge de CEI que va considerar raonable un temps inferior a 5 dies per a l'avaluació de projectes de recerca va variar en virtut del disseny: 32% per als estudis observacionals i 12% per als assaigs clínics amb drogues o amb vacunes.Els tres problemes ètics principals identificats als estudis per a COVID van estar relacionats amb el consentiment informat, els aspectes metodològics i la poca informació prèvia o manca d'evidència per als productes de recerca. Considerem que cal reformular la manera de pensar els problemes ètics de les emergències cap a un abordatge global, amb un enfocament preventiu, on les xarxes de col·laboració entre els CEI haurien de convertir-se en regla.(AU)

This article presents the results of a qualitative research that inquiriesabout theimplementation of the law on termination of pregnancy that decriminalized abortionon three specific grounds in Chile in 2017 (Law 21.030) and the role of primaryhealth care (PHC) in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Nineteen interviews wereconducted with PHC and secondary level of care health professionals in addition totwo officials from the Ministry of Health. The change from a regime of totalcriminalization to one of decriminalization by cause requires training for healthteams and information for the population.The findings reveal that the lack ofinformation and formal training for health personnel constitutes an obstacle to theexercise of women's rights under the law, producing a cascade effect in whichwomen do not have sufficient information to exercise their rights. In addition, thereis a provision in the law that causes confusion among professionals aboutadvertising and information on services.The results are analyzed on the basis ofnational and international normative standards regarding the obligation to informand the right to be informed in the context of health services related to abortion.(AU)

Consecuencias físicas y psicológicas de la violencia obstétrica en países de Latinoamérica / Physical and psychological consequences of obstetric violence in Latin American countries

El término violencia obstétrica tiene sus orígenes en Latinoamérica, se considera una expresión de violencia de género y de violencia institucional contra la mujer. Puede ser ejercida de dos maneras, física y psicológica, por lo que se pretende definir la violencia obstétrica, su origen, divisiones, relación con los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de la mujer, así como identificar sus consecuencias físicas y psicológicas. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en Medigraphic, SciELO y Google Académico, fueron incluidas únicamente las publicaciones que se encontraron a texto completo, en español, inglés y portugués durante los años 2014 al 2022. La violencia obstétrica provoca que los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres sean quebrantados, lo que hace imprescindible que todos los involucrados en la atención en salud conozcan las repercusiones físicas y psicológicas relacionadas que contribuyen a la morbimortalidad de la madre y el recién nacido, tales como: desgarros vaginales, problemas en la lactancia materna, síndrome de estrés postraumático y depresión posparto

The term obstetric violence has its origins in Latin America, it is considered an expression of gender violence and institutional violence against women. It can be exercised in two ways, physical and psychological, therefore, the aim is to define obstetric violence, its origin, divisions, and relation with women's sexual and reproductive rights, as well as to identify its physical and psychological consequences. A bibliographic search was conducted in Medigraphic, SciELO, and Google Scholar, including only publications that were found in full text, in Spanish, English, and Portuguese during the years 2014 to 2022. Obstetric violence causes the violation of women's sexual and reproductive rights, which makes it essential for all those involved in health care to be aware of the related physical and psychological repercussions that contribute to maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality, such as vaginal tears, breastfeeding problems, post-traumatic stress syndrome, and postpartum depression

Conocimiento de los trabajadores de salud sobre la Ley de Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo / Knowledge of health workers about the Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy Law

In early 2021, the theoretical and legal framework for the termination of pregnancy was modified. From August 2021 until April 2022, a survey was conducted among 310 healthcare staff from the General Hospital for Acute Care Dr. Teodoro Álvarez (HGATA, for its acronym in Spanish) and the Health & Community Action Center No. 34 (CeSAC Nº 34, for its acronym in Spanish) to assess their knowledge of the subject and their ability to provide an adequate response to patients inquiring about the procedure. Out of the total number of people surveyed, 72.9% were women, the largest age group was 26-35 years old and the most mentioned occupation was "resident" (31.3%). According to their answers, the respondents were divided into two groups: those who were informed (8.7%, n = 27) and those who were uninformed (91.3%, n = 283). 100% of the informed group were able to provide patients with a correct response while only 82,7% of the uninformed group were able to do so. The majority of the respondents (85.5%) deemed it helpful to receive training and updates on voluntary termination of pregnancy in the near future. Most of the healthcare staff from the HGATA and from the CeSAC No. 34 are unaware of the theoretical-legal framework under which the interruption of pregnancy is regulated. The uninformed presented difficulties in providing an appropriate response. These results show the formative deficit that exists in relation to the theoretical-legal framework. This information could be useful for the identification of barriers and facilitators of access to an interruption

A principios del año 2021 fue modificado el marco teórico-legal de la interrupción del embarazo. Entre los meses de agosto 2021 y abril 2022, realizamos una encuesta a 310 trabajadores del Hospital General de Agudos "Dr. Teodoro Álvarez" (HGATA) y del Centro de Salud y Acción Comunitaria Nº 34 (CeSAC Nº 34), con el objetivo de evaluar su conocimiento al respecto y su capacidad de brindar una respuesta acorde ante la demanda de dicha práctica. Del total de las personas encuestadas, el 72.9% fueron mujeres, el rango etario predominante fue el de 26-35 años y la ocupación mayoritariamente referida fue "residente" (31.3%). Entre los encuestados, definimos dos grupos: conocedores (8.7%, n = 27) y no conocedores (91.3%, n = 283). El 100% de los conocedores brindó una respuesta acorde, mientras que, con relación a los no conocedores, el 82.7% pudo hacerlo. La mayoría de los encuestados (85.5%) consideró útil recibir capacitación y actualización sobre esta temática en el futuro. Concluimos que la mayoría de los trabajadores del HGATA y del CeSAC Nº 34 desconocen el marco teórico-legal bajo el cual está reglamentada la interrupción del embarazo. Los no conocedores tuvieron dificultades para brindar una respuesta apropiada. Estos resultados muestran el déficit formativo que existe en relación con el marco teórico-legal de esta práctica. Esta información sería útil para la identificación de barreras y facilitadores de acceso a la interrupción del embarazo.

Morte e vida no debate sobre aborto: uma análise a partir da audiência pública sobre a ADPF 442 / Death and life in the abortion debate: an analysis based on the public hearing on ADPF 442

Resumo Partindo da premissa de que as pautas sobre direitos reprodutivos constituem uma gama de disputas políticas no campo da sexualidade e da reprodução, este artigo examina o debate travado na audiência pública sobre a Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) 442, ocorrida em agosto de 2018. A ação propõe a descriminalização do aborto induzido pela própria gestante ou com seu consentimento, até a 12ª. semana de gestação. Na audiência convocada pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, 50 exposições de amici curiae foram realizadas, catalisando os atuais argumentos acionados no debate público sobre aborto no Brasil. O conteúdo da audiência pública (personagens, lugares, imagens, áudios, textos e vídeo) é tomado como material empírico desta pesquisa. Considerando a centralidade do argumento de defesa da vida/combate à morte, tanto nas exposições favoráveis quanto naquelas contrárias à ADPF, examinamos os distintos enquadramentos utilizados pelos atores políticos em cena, ao debater a problemática do aborto em termos de um embate entre morte e vida. Mais do que uma polissemia dos termos, trata-se de um embate que explicita hierarquias em relação à reprodução e à vida das mulheres.

Abstract Starting from the premise that the agenda on reproductive rights is home to political disputes in the field of sexuality and reproduction, this article reviews the debate held at the public hearing on the Argument of Noncompliance with a Fundamental Precept (Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental, ADPF) # 442 in August 2018. The lawsuit proposes the decriminalization of abortion induced by the pregnant woman herself or with her consent until the 12th week of gestation. At the hearing convened by the Supreme Court, 50 amicus curiae presentations were held, catalyzing the current arguments raised in the public debate on abortion in Brazil. The content of the public hearing (characters, places, images, audios, texts, and video) is taken as empirical material for this research. Considering the centrality of the defense of life/combating death argument, both in speeches for and against the ADPF, we examine the different frameworks used by political actors on the scene when debating the issue of abortion in terms of a clash between death and life. More than a polysemy, it is a clash that makes explicit hierarchies regarding reproduction and women's lives.

Recurrent voluntary termination of pregnancy. Prevalence study and exploration of associated factors. Antioquia, Colombia, 2015 ­ 2021 / Interrupciones voluntarias del embarazo recurrentes. Estudio de prevalencia y exploración de factores asociados. Antioquia, Colombia, 2015 - 2021]

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of recurrent voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTP) and to explore associated factors. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional cohort study which included women seen between 2015 and 2021 in five sites of an institution located in the Department of Antioquia which promotes sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care in Colombia. Measured variables included sociodemographics, SRH, recurrent performance of VTP, type of procedure used in the first VTP and contraception method selected afterwards. The prevalence of global and yearly recurrent abortion period is presented. Associated factors were explored using a multivariate analysis. The research committee of the institution approved the study. Results: In total, 20,423 women were included. The prevalence of recurrent VTP was 4.07% (n = 831) during the entire period, ranging between 2.3 and 6% over the 7 years. The most commonly used method for recurrent VTP was pharmacological induction (48.50%). After the first VTP, 69.81% of women used contraceptive methods classified as "very effective" according to the World Health Organization. The risk factors identified as being associated with recurrent VTP included being part of the state-subsidized health insurance system (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.35; 95 % CI:1.05-1.72) and having had two or more pregnancies (aOR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.06 - 1.44). Protective factors were identified and included out-of-pocket payment for VTP service (aOR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.61-0.82), a history of late VTP (aOR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.11-0.81), and the selection of a subdermal implant for contraception following the first abortion (sOR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49 ­ 0.83). Conclusions: It is possible that the prevalence of recurrent VTP is increasing. Prospective studies are required in order to determine whether there is a growing trend and to verify potential association hypotheses derived from this work.

OBJETIVOS: describir la prevalencia de las interrupciones voluntarias del embarazo (IVE) recurrentes y efectuar una exploración de los factores asociados a esta. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte trasversal descriptivo, en el que se incluyeron mujeres atendidas entre 2015 y 2021 en cinco sedes, en el Departamento de Antioquia, de una Institución que promueve la atención en salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) en Colombia. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, de SSR, así como la realización de IVE recurrente, tipo de procedimiento utilizado en la primera IVE, y método de anticoncepción elegido posterior a esta. Se presenta la prevalencia de período de aborto recurrente global y por año. Se hace exploración de los factores asociados por medio de análisis multivariado. Se obtuvo aval del comité de investigación de la institución. RESULTADOS: se incluyó un total de 20.423 mujeres. La prevalencia de IVE recurrente fue del 4,07 % (n = 831) en todo el período, y varió del 2,3 al 6 % en los 6 años. El método más utilizado para la IVE recurrente fue inducción farmacológica (48,50 %). Después de la primera IVE, el 69,81 % de las mujeres utilizó métodos anticonceptivos clasificados como "muy efectivos", según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se identificaron como factores de riesgo de la IVE recurrente pertenecer al régimen de aseguramiento subsidiado por el Estado (Odds ratio ajustado (ORa) = 1,35; IC 95 %: 1,05-1,72) y haber tenido dos o más gestaciones (ORa = 1,23; IC 95 %: 1,06 - 1,44). Como factores protectores se identificaron: contratación del servicio de IVE bajo modalidad de pago de bolsillo (ORa = 0,71; IC 95 %: 0,61-0,82), el antecedente de IVE tardía (ORa = 0,30; IC 95 %: 0,11-0,81), y la elección del implante subdérmico posterior al primer aborto primer aborto como (ORa =0,64; IC 95 %: 0,49 - 0,83). CONCLUSIONES: la prevalencia de IVE recurrente posiblemente está incrementando. Se requieren estudios prospectivos que evalúen si existe una tendencia al incremento y que verifiquen posibles hipótesis de asociación que surgen de este trabajo.

Análisis de la muerte materna mediante categorías sociales en Nuevo León, 2014-2019 / Analysis of maternal death through social categories in Nuevo León, 2014-2019

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre las categorías sociales en la incidencia de muerte materna en el periodo 2014-2019, en el estado de Nuevo León. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un análisis estadístico de las muertes maternas en el estado con la base de datos proporcionada por la Secretaría de Salud federal, filtrando la información de las categorías sociales de las mujeres que fallecieron por causas maternas. Posteriormente los datos obtenidos fueron procesados en el programa SPSS 22, realizando un análisis de estadística descriptiva, chi cuadrado y regresión logística. Resultados: Las categorías sociales, escolaridad, estado civil y edad resultan ser significativas para la probabilidad de morir por causa materna, las mujeres con alta escolaridad reducen el riesgo de morir en un 22.8%, las mujeres con escolaridad media reducen en un 50.8% la probabilidad de morir en comparación con las mujeres de escolaridad baja, por su parte las mujeres solteras reducen la probabilidad de morir por causa materna en un 79.5%, asimismo, las mujeres de 15 a 24 años tienen 105.3 veces más probabilidad de morir, mientras que las mujeres de 25 a 39 años tienen 35.4 veces más probabilidad de morir por causa materna, en relación con las mujeres de 40 a 55 años. Conclusión: La edad, la escolaridad, así como encontrarse en una relación de pareja aumentan significativamente la probabilidad de morir por causa materna, por lo que se puede concluir con el hecho de que las mujeres son violentadas por cuestiones de género, sin embargo, existen categorías sociales que hacen claras distinciones en el trato y atención en relación con su embarazo, parto y puerperio.

Abstract Objective: To determine the relation between social categories in the incidence of maternal death in 2014-2019 in the state of Nuevo León. Material and Methods: A statistical analysis of maternal deaths in the state with the database provided by the federal Ministry of Health, filtering the information of the social categories of women who died from maternal causes. Subsequently, the data obtained were processed in the SPSS 22 program, performing a descriptive statistical analysis, chi square and logistic regression. Results: Social categories, schooling, marital status and age turn out to be significant for the probability of dying from maternal causes, women with high schooling reduce the risk of dying by 22.8%, women with medium schooling reduce the probability by 50.8% of dying compared to women with a low education level, for their part, single women reduce the probability of dying from maternal causes by 79.5%, likewise, women aged 15 to 24 are 105.3 times more likely to die, while women aged 25 to 39 are 35.4 times more likely to die from maternal causes than women aged 40 to 55. Conclusion: Age, schooling, as well as being in a relationship significantly increase the probability of dying from maternal causes, so it can be concluded with the fact that women are violated due to gender issues, however, there are categories that make clear distinctions in the treatment and care in relation to their pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium.

Conscientious objection as structural violence in the voluntary termination of pregnancy in Chile.

Introduction: After three decades of the absolute prohibition of abortion, Chile enacted Law 21,030, which decriminalizes voluntary pregnancy termination when the person is at vital risk, when the embryo or fetus suffers from a congenital or genetic lethal pathology, and in pregnancy due to rape. The law incorporates conscientious objection as a broad right at the individual and institutional levels. Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore the exercise of conscientious objection in public health institutions, describing and analyzing its consequences and proposals to prevent it from operating as structural violence. Materials and methods: This study uses a qualitative, post-positivist design. At the national level, according to the chain technique, people who were identified as key actors due to their direct participation in implementing the law were included. Grounded theory was used to analyze the information obtained through a semi-structured interview. The methodological rigor criteria of transferability or applicability, dependability, credibility, auditability, and theoretical-methodological adequacy were met. Results: Data from 17 physicians, 5 midwives, 6 psychologists, 8 social workers, 2 nursing technicians, and 1 lawyer are included. From an inductive process through open coding, conscientious objection as structural violence and strategies to minimize the impact of objection emerge as meta-categories. The first meta-category emerges from the barriers linked to the implementation of the law, the infringement of the rights of the pregnant person, and pseudo conscientious objection, affecting timely and effective access to pregnancy termination. The second meta-category emerges as a response from the participants, proposing strategies to prevent conscientious objection from operating as structural violence. Conclusion: Conscientious objection acts as structural violence by infringing the exercise of sexual and reproductive rights. The State must fulfill its role as guarantor in implementing public policies, preventing conscientious objection from becoming hegemonic and institutionalized violence.